Mesenchymal Stem Cells can be successfully isolated from various Source Tissues, each presenting distinct advantages and challenges in terms of collection and cell properties. Bone Marrow (BM-MSCs) was the original and most commonly studied source, though its collection is invasive and cell yield and proliferation potential can decline with donor age. Adipose Tissue (AT-MSCs), obtained via liposuction, is another prevalent adult source, favored for its large cell yield and relatively less invasive acquisition compared to bone marrow aspiration.

Perinatal sources, particularly the umbilical cord (UC-MSCs), offer substantial biological advantages. UC-MSC collection is non-invasive and free of ethical controversy, and the isolated cells often exhibit superior proliferation capacity, lower senescence markers, and more potent immunomodulatory activity compared to adult-derived cells. These characteristics make neonatal-derived cells particularly attractive for large-scale ex vivo expansion and the production of allogeneic (donor) cell therapies for clinical development.

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